ABSTRACT Monkeypox (MPX) transmission outside non-endemic countries has been reported since May 2022, rapidly evolving into a multi-country outbreak. A potential role of sexual contact in transmission dynamics, as well as a predominance of anogenitallesions, are remarkable features of current cases. Screening for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) plays an important role in the evaluation of patients with suspected MPX infection. Herein we report the first case of a patient diagnosed with both MPX and acute HIV infection in Latin America. He had no major complications during his clinical course, and antiretroviral therapy was promptly initiated. Diagnosis of acute HIV requires a high level of suspicion and appropriate laboratory investigation. Health practitioners need to consider this diagnosis while evaluating patients with suspected MPX with a recent unprotected sexual contact.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cervical cancer remains an important burden for HIV-infected women in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. Recommendations for cervical screening in these women diverge and may include high-risk HPV (HRHPV) testing. We aimed to evaluate the clinical usefulness of a single HRHPV testing for cervical screening of HIV-infected women. Methods: 723 HIV-infected women from a Brazilian prospective cohort were included between 1996 and 2012. Inclusion criteria were: normal cervical cytology at baseline and having a HRHPV-test at baseline. We calculated incidence rates of any squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) and high grade SIL+ (HSIL+) and negative predictive values (NPV) within 12 and 36 months. Hazard Ratios were obtained using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results: Incidence rate for both outcomes was low (9.9 cases per 100 PY [95% CI 8.8–11.0] for any SIL and 1.3 cases per 100 PY [95% IC 0.9–1.8] for HSIL+). Women with a HRHPV positive status at baseline had 1.7-fold (95% CI 1.3–2.2) and 3.2-fold (95% CI 1.5–7.1) increased risk of presenting any SIL and HSIL+, respectively, during follow-up. Negative-HRHPV test presented high NPV for both periods and outcomes (any SIL: 92.4% [95% CI 89.7–94.6] for 12 months and 80.9% [95% CI 77.2–84.3] for 36 months; and HSIL+: 99.8% [95% CI 98.9–100.0] for 12 months and 99.0 [95% CI 97.6–99.7] for 36 months). Conclusions: Incidence of any and high grade cytological abnormality was significantly higher among HIV-infected women with positive-HRHPV test. A single negative-HRHPV test helped reassure follow-up free of cytological abnormalities through three years of follow-up in HIV-infected women with negative cytology.

Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains an important cause of new HIV infections worldwide, especially in low and middle-resource limited countries. Safety data from studies involving pregnant women and prenatal antiretroviral (ARV) exposure are still needed once these studies are often small and with a limited duration to assess adverse drug reactions (ADR). The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of ADR related to the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in pregnant women in two referral centers in Rio de Janeiro State. A prospective study was carried out from February 2005 to May 2006. Women were classified according to their ART status during pregnancy diagnosis: ARV-experienced (ARTexp) or ARV-naïve (ARTn). Two hundred fourteen HIV-infected pregnant women were included: 36 ARTexp and 178 ARTn. ARTexp women have not experienced ADR. Among ARTn, 20.2% presented ADR. Incidence rate of ADR was 70.8 per 1000 person-months and the most common ADRs observed were: gastrointestinal (belly or abdominal cramps, diarrhea, nausea and vomit) in 16.3%, cutaneous (pruritus and rash) in 6.2%, anemia (2.2%) and hepatitis (1.7%). The frequency of obstetrical complications, pre-term delivery, low birth weight and birth abnormalities was low in this population. ADRs ranged from mild to moderate intensity, none of them being potentially fatal. Only in a few cases it was necessary to discontinue ART. In conclusion, the high effectiveness of ARV for HIV prevention of MTCT (PMTCT) overcomes the risk of ADR.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the access to the interventions for the prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) mother to child transmission and mother to child transmission rates in the outskirts of Rio de Janeiro, from 1999 to 2009.METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study. Prevention of HIV mother to child transmission interventions were accessed and mother to child transmission rates were calculated.RESULTS: The study population is young (median: 26 years; interquartile range: 22.0-31.0), with low monthly family income (40.4% up to one Brazilian minimum wage) and schooling (62.1% less than 8 years). Only 47.1% (n = 469) knew the HIV status of their partner; of these women, 39.9% had an HIV-seronegative partner. Among the 1259 newborns evaluated, access to the antenatal, intrapartum and postpartum prevention of HIV mother to child transmission components occurred in 59.2%, 74.2%, and 97.5% respectively; 91.0% of the newborns were not breastfed. Overall 52.7% of the newborns have benefited from all the recommended interventions. In subsequent pregnancies (n = 289), 67.8% of the newborns received the full package of interventions. The overall rate of HIV vertical transmission was 4.7% and the highest annual rate occurred in 2005 (7.4%), with no definite trend in the period.CONCLUSIONS: Access to the full package of interventions for the prevention of HIV vertical transmission was low, with no significant trend of improvement over the years. The vertical transmission rates observed were higher than those found in reference services in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro and in the richest regions of the country.

The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy during the 1990s was crucial to the decline in the rates of morbidity and death related to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and turned human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection into a chronic condition. Consequently, the HIV/AIDS population is becoming older. The aim of this study was to describe the immunological, clinical and comorbidity profile of an urban cohort of patients with HIV/AIDS followed up at Instituto de Pesquisa Clinica Evandro Chagas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Retrospective data from 2307 patients during January 1st, 2008 and December 31st, 2008 were collected. For continuous variables, Cuzick's non-parametric test was used. For categorical variables, the Cochran-Armitage non-parametric test for tendency was used. For all tests, the threshold for statistical significance was set at 5%. In 2008, 1023 (44.3%), 823 (35.7%), 352 (15.3%) and 109 (4.7%) were aged 18-39, 40-49, 50-59 and >60 years-old, respectively. Older and elderly patients (>40 years) were more likely to have viral suppression than younger patients (18-39 years) (p 0.001). No significant difference in the latest CD4+ T lymphocyte count in the different age strata was observed, although elderly patients (> 50 years) had lower CD4+ T lymphocyte nadir (p 0.02). The number of comorbidities increased with age and the same pattern was observed for the majority of the comorbidities, including diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, erectile dysfunction, HCV, renal dysfunction and also for non-AIDSrelated cancers (p 0.001). With the survival increase associated to successful antiretroviral therapy and with the increasing new infections among elderly group, the burden associated to the diagnosis and treatment of the non-AIDS related HIV comorbidities will grow. Longitudinal studies on the impact of aging on the HIV/AIDS population are still necessary, especially in resource-limited countries.

É importante avaliar a acurácia de relacionamento de dados, já que erros podem enviesar as medidas de ocorrência e de associação de doenças. O objetivo desse estudo é verificar a acurácia da estratégia de relacionamento probabilístico de banco de dados em identificar óbitos entre casos de AIDS notificados no Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). O banco de dados de pessoas com HIV/AIDS (N = 559.442) foi relacionado a 6.444.822 óbitos (todas as causas) registrados no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Para estimar as medidas de acurácia, foram selecionados todos os casos de AIDS com datas de óbito registradas no SINAN-AIDS de 2002 a 2005 (N = 19.750) e 38.675 casos sabidamente vivos em 2006. A sensibilidade foi de 87,6% (IC95%: 87,1-88,2), a especificidade de 99,6% (IC95%: 99,6-99,7) e o valor preditivo de 99,2% (IC95%: 99,1-99,3). Sensibilidade foi 12% menor para os casos com menos de 13 anos. Foram observadas pequenas variações nas medidas de validação segundo algumas variáveis preditoras de mortalidade. Conclui-se que bancos de dados grandes e heterogêneos podem ser relacionados com acurácia satisfatória.

Since record linkage errors can bias measures of disease occurrence and association, it is important to assess their accuracy. The aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of a multiple pass probabilistic record linkage strategy to identify deaths among persons reported to the Brazilian AIDS surveillance database. An HIV/AIDS national surveillance database (N = 559,442) was linked to a total of 6,444,822 deaths registered (all causes) in the Brazilian mortality database. To estimate standard measures of accuracy, we selected all AIDS cases with a date of death registered in the surveillance database from 2002 to 2005 (N = 19,750) and 38,675 cases known to be alive in 2006. The linkage strategy presented a sensitivity of 87.6% (95%CI: 87.1-88.2), a specificity of 99.6% (95%CI: 99.6-99.7), and a positive predictive value of 99.2% (95%CI: 99.1-99.3). We observed a small variation in the validity measures according to some putative predictors of mortality. Our findings suggest that even large and heterogeneous databases can be linked with a satisfactory accuracy.

É importante avaliar a acurácia de relacionamento de dados, já que erros podem enviesar as medidas de ocorrência e de associação de doenças. O objetivo desse estudo é verificar a acurácia da estratégia de relacionamento probabilístico de banco de dados em identificar óbitos entre casos de AIDS notificados no Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). O banco de dados de pessoas com HIV/AIDS (N = 559.442) foi relacionado a 6.444.822 óbitos (todas as causas) registrados no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Para estimar as medidas de acurácia, foram selecionados todos os casos de AIDS com datas de óbito registradas no SINAN-AIDS de 2002 a 2005 (N = 19.750) e 38.675 casos sabidamente vivos em 2006. A sensibilidade foi de 87,6% (IC95%: 87,1-88,2), a especificidade de 99,6% (IC95%: 99,6-99,7) e o valor preditivo de 99,2% (IC95%: 99,1-99,3). Sensibilidade foi 12% menor para os casos com menos de 13 anos. Foram observadas pequenas variações nas medidas de validação segundo algumas variáveis preditoras de mortalidade. Conclui-se que bancos de dados grandes e heterogêneos podem ser relacionados com acurácia satisfatória.

Since record linkage errors can bias measures of disease occurrence and association, it is important to assess their accuracy. The aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of a multiple pass probabilistic record linkage strategy to identify deaths among persons reported to the Brazilian AIDS surveillance database. An HIV/AIDS national surveillance database (N = 559,442) was linked to a total of 6,444,822 deaths registered (all causes) in the Brazilian mortality database. To estimate standard measures of accuracy, we selected all AIDS cases with a date of death registered in the surveillance database from 2002 to 2005 (N = 19,750) and 38,675 cases known to be alive in 2006. The linkage strategy presented a sensitivity of 87.6% (95%CI: 87.1-88.2), a specificity of 99.6% (95%CI: 99.6-99.7), and a positive predictive value of 99.2% (95%CI: 99.1-99.3). We observed a small variation in the validity measures according to some putative predictors of mortality. Our findings suggest that even large and heterogeneous databases can be linked with a satisfactory accuracy.